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jkJ tptrhaj;Jiwf;fhd gl;lg;gbg;ig ,e;jpah nrd;W g+dh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
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jkJ gl;lg;gbg;ig Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;jTld; jkJ Muk;gj; njhopyhfj; FWe;jyht
Gdpj Njhk]; fy;Y}upapy; Mrpupauhfg; gjtpNaw;W xUtUl fhyk;tiu
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Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J 1976tiu fhzp mgptpUj;jp jpizf;fsj;jpw; fhzp mgptpUj;jp>
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gjtpfis tfpj;J nrayhsuhfTk;> gpujk epiwNtw;W cj;jpNahfj;juhfTk;> ePupay;
mstPl;Lf; FOtpy; nrayhsuhfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;lijAk; Vw;Wr; rpwg;ghfr; Nritahw;wpdhu;.
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Nritahw;wpaij njhlu;e;J 1983k; Mz;bypUe;J Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpd; Nkyjpf
murhq;f mjpguhfTk; njhlu;e;J murhq;f mjpguhfTk; gpd; 1995 etk;gu; khjk; 11k; jpfjp
tiu aho; khtl;l murhq;f mjpguhfTk; Nritahw;wp> ,tu; ,Wjpahf 1995k; Mz;L
KbTiu nghJepu;thf cs;ehl;L tptfhug; ghuhSkd;wr; nraw;ghl;L mikr;rpw; Nritahw;wp
murNritapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;whu;.

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Nru;e;j fdfrghgjp jpy;iyehafp jk;gjpaupd; VfGj;jpupAk;> aho; gy;fyf;fof JizNte;ju;
jpU.ifyhrgjp mtu;fspd; rNfhjupAkhd ijay;ehafpia tho;f;ifj; Jizahff; nfhz;L
gps;isr; nry;tq;fshf fyhepjp Nfhryh
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(Center for Ecology & Hydrology, England) MfpNahiu ngw;nwLj;jdu;.

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