fhiuefupy; irtg;ghlrhiyfs; Muk;gkhtjw;F
mtjupj;j mkuu; r. mUzhry cghj;jpahau;
-rp.rpthde;juj;jpdk; -fdlh
fhiuefu; kf;fspd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;fhf Kjd; Kjypy; irtj; jkpo; ghlrhiyia
Muk;gpj;J itj;J fhiuefupy; gy ghlrhiyfs; cUthtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;j
jpU. r. mUzhry cghj;jpahau; gw;wp fhiuefu; kf;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
fl;lhakhd flikahFk;.

fhiuefu; tlf;fpy; ky;ypif Fwpr;rpiar; Nru;e;j irt Ntshsu; kugpy; cjpj;j jpU. rpw;wk;gyk; rq;fug;
gps;isf;Fk; mtuJ ghupahu; gz;GkpF gj;jpdpak;khtpw;Fk; kfdhf 1864 xf;Nlhgu; 31k; jpfjp Gj;
jpuuhf gpwe;jhu; jpU. mUzhryk; mtu;fs;. irt gof;ftof;fj;ijAila FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;J ,iwgf;
jpAilatuhf fhzg;gl;lhu;.

Muk;g fy;tpia fhiuefu; fsg+kp Mybiar; Nru;e;j mnkupf;fd; kprd; ghlrhiyapy; fw;whu;. ,g;
ghlrhiyNa md;W fhiuefupy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ghlrhiyahFk;. gpd;du; tz;zhu; gz;iz
irtgpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapy; rpNu];l fy;tpia njhlu;e;J gbj;jhu;. md;dhu;> jhd; xU
gapw;wg;gl;l Mrpupauhf tuNtz;Lk; vd;w ,yl;rpak; nfhz;ltuhf njy;ypg;gis mnkupf;fd; kprd;
Nghjdh ghlrhiyapy; gapw;rpf;fy;tpia njhlu;e;jhu;. MdhYk; mtu; kjk; khwp kw;iwa khztu;fisg;
Nghy; Qhd];jhdk; ngw kWj;jhu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Nghjdh ghlhrhiy epu;thfj;jpdu; gapw;rp
juhjug;gj;jpuk; toq;fTk;> Mrpupau; epakdk; toq;fTk; Kw;WKOjhf kWj;Jtpl;ldu;.

,Ue;j NghjpYk; Nghjdh ghlrhiyia tpl;L ntspNawpa gpd;du; jdJ nrhe;j fpuhkkhd fhiuefupy;
jpz;izg;gs;spf;$lj;ij Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpdhu;. ehSf;F ehs; gps;isfspd; njhif $bf;nfhz;L te;
jJ.
,e;epiyapy; irtrPyu; jpU. fe;jg;G Rg;gpukzpak; mtu;fspd; cjtpAld; maypy; cs;s mtupd;
fhzpapy; 1889k; Mz;L xU ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,JNt fhiuefupy; md;dhu; jpU. r.
mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ irtj;jkpo; ghlrhiyahFk;. ,jw;F
Rg;gpukzpak; tpj;jpahrhiy vd ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ. 1896k; Mz;L ,f;fhzpia jpU.f. Rg;gpukzpk;
mtu;fs; ghlrhiyf;F jUkrhjdk; nra;J nfhLj;jhu;. ,g;ghlrhiyia epu;tfpg;gjw;F  %tu; nfhz;l
FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpU.f.Rg;gpukzpak;> jpU.r.mUzhryk;> gpuk;k= fh.rptrjk;guIau; mtu;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

jha; khkd; kfshd ehfKj;jk;khis 1890k; Mz;L jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L Fl;bGyj;ij(Fkpoq;
Fsp ,d;iwa rf;fyhNthil) )tjptplkhff; nfhz;L tjpj;J te;jhu;. ,tu;fspw;F rptg;gpufhrk;>
rptQhdk;> rptghjk; Mfpa %d;W Mz;gps;isfs; ,Ue;jdu;.

fsg+kpapy; ,Ue;j mnkupf;fd; kprd; ghlrhiyia Nghd;W gpd;du; jq;NfhilapYk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L
mjid rhkp gs;spf;$lk; vd kf;fs;mioj;J te;jdu;. ,jid fz;Zw;w mUzhry cghj;jpahau;
irtgps;isfs; Mq;fpyk; fw;f irt Mq;fpy tpj;jpahrhiy xd;iwAk; Muk;gpf;f
vz;zpdhu;.
md;dhu; rka Futu;fspy; ek;gpf;ifAk; gw;Wk; cilatu;. vdNt jpUQhdrk;ge;j %u;j;jp ehadhu; tpj;
jpahrhiy vd;w ngaupy; 1890k; Mz;L fhiuefu; tye;jiyiar; Nru;e;j jpU.Nfhtpe;ju; mtu;fspd;
fhzpapy; Mq;fpy ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,jw;F aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}iur; Nru;e;j jpU. Kj;J rak;G
Mrpupaiu epakpj;J mtu; jiyikapy; Nkw;gb ghlrhiy ,aq;fpaJ.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mnkupf;fd; kprd; Mq;fpyghlrhiyapYk; ghu;f;f kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fp nkd;NkYk; tsu;
r;rpAw;wJ. fhiuefu; kf;fSk; rak;G Mrpupaupy; gw;W itj;J rak;gu; gs;spf;$lk; vd;Wk; miof;
fyhapdu;.

mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fSk; jpU. K. rak;G Mrpupaupy; gw;W itj;J tyJ fukhf ,Ue;J ,g;
ghlrhiyia tsu;j;J te;jhu;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,g;ghlrhiy fhiuefu; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upahfTk; gpd;du;
M. jpahfuh[h kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyakhfTk; ngau; khw;wpf;nfhz;lJ.

mkuu; jpU. r. mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fs; 1890k; Mz;L fhiuefu; tpahtpy;> fhiuefu; fUq;
fhyp KUf%u;j;jp Nfhapypd; mu;r;rfu; gpuk;k = f.Ntjf;Fl;b Iau; mtu;fspd; fhzpapy; irtgupghyd
tpj;jpahrhiy vd;w ngaupy; ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;J itj;jhu;. 1905k; Mz;L mUzhry cghj;
jpahau; mtu;fs; ,g;ghlrhiyapy; Mrpupauhf gzpGupaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. Ntjf;Fl;b Iau; mtu;fs;
mUzhry cghj;jpahaupd; tyJ fukhf ,Ue;J nraw;gl;L te;jhu;.
ePjp ntz;gh vd;w E}ypy; 100 nra;Al;fs; cz;L. ,jw;F gjTiu> nghspg;Giu ntF mofhf vOjp
1905k; Mz;L mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fs; ntspapl;lhu;.

1910k; Mz;L Mapyp rptQhNdhja tpj;jpahrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghlrhiyf;F fhzpia
jUkrhjdk; nra;jtu; Kd;dhs; aho;ud; fy;Y}up mjpgu; jpU.kh. itj;jpaehjd; B.Sc. mtu;fspd;
Ngudhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,g;ghlrhiyf;F Kfhikahsuhf fhiuefu; Nkw;F tpjhidahu; jpU.
rz;Kfk; mtu;fs; nraw;gl;lhu;. ,tNu Gspaq;Fsk; gps;isahu; Nfhapy; ju;kfj;ju; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;
fJ.

fhiuefu; fsg+kpapy; Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu; tpj;jpahrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F irtrPyu; jpU.ts;
sp Rg;gpukzpak; vd;w md;gu; fhzpia jUkrhjdk; nra;J fl;blj;ij ed;F mikj;J ghlrhiyia
ey;y Kiwapy; epu;thfk; nra;jhu;. ghlrhiyAk; rpwg;Gw tpsq;fpaJ. kf;fs; ,g;ghlrhiyia ts;sp Rg;
gu; gs;spf;$lk; vd;W mioj;jdu;.
fhiuefu; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapd; fpisahf ,yfb jkpo;g; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gbNa irtg;
ghlrhiyfs; gy mUzhry cghj;jpahau; ,l;l tpj;jpdhy; mf;fhyj;jpy; Muk;gkhfpd vd;w nrhy;
yyhk;.

1925k; Mz;L fhiuefu; Fkpoq;Fspiar; Nru;e;j jpU.f.ckhgjp cghj;jpahuhy; fhiuefu; rptfhkp mk;
kd; NfhapYf;F mz;ikapy; nka;fz;lhd; jkpo;;g;ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;;lJ.

1947k; Mz;L khrp khjk; aho;ud; fy;Y}up Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;Y}upf;F cupa fhzpia jq;
Nfhiliar; Nru;e;j kyhad; ngd;rdu; jpU.M.fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fs; tpiyahf thq;fp gpd;du; mf;
fhzpia fy;Y}upf;F jUkrhjdk; nra;jhu;. ,f;fy;Y}up tsu;r;rpaila mnkupf;fd; kp\d; Mq;fpy
ghlrhiy 1948k; Mz;by; Kw;whf mope;Jtpl;lJ.

mkuu; mUzhryk; mtu;fs; ntspa+u;fspw;Fk; nrd;W mt;t+u;fspy; cs;s irtg; ngupahu;fis Cf;
Ftpj;J irtg;ghlrhiyfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. md;dhupd; cs;sj;jpy; neLehl;fshf irthrpupa gapw;
rpf;fyhrhiy xd;iw jhgpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; gjpe;J ,Ue;jJ.
fPupkiyapy; fpU\;zgps;is klj;jpy; irthrpupa gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upia Muk;gpj;J mjid mq;fPfupf;f
murpdiu Ntz;bdhu;> murpdu; mjid mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. gpd;du; tz;zhu; gz;iz ehtyu;
ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;J mjidAk; murpdu; mq;fPfupf;f kWj;J tpl;ldu;.
fpwP];jtu;fSld; Nru;e;J If;fpa Nghjdh ghlrhiy elhj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fyhk; vd murpdu; $wpdu;.
1913k; Mz;L itfhrp khjk; md;dhuJ ghupahu; ehfKj;jhs; rptgjk; mile;jhu;.
md;dhuJ ,yl;rpakhd irthrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapd; vz;zk; epiwNtw Nfhg;ghapy; If;fpa
Nghjdh ghlrhiy fpl;lj;jl;l 1916k; Mz;lstpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1923k; Mz;L  tiu ePbj;jJ.
irt khztu;fspd; tpLjp Nfhg;gha; jpU. kapy;thfdk; mtu;fspd; ehw;rhu; ,y;yj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. ,
jw;F mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fNs nghWg;ghf ,Ue;J nrt;tNd elj;jpdhu;.

=y= MWKfehtyu; mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd; fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; irtg;ghlrhiyfs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; gapw;
rp ngw;w irtj; jkpo; Mrpupau;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; mauhJ cioj;j cj;jku; jpU.r.mUzhry cghj;
jpahau; mtu;fs;. md;dhu; 1920k; Mz;L ij khjk; 16k; jpfjp(16.01.1920) ,uT md;dhuJ fhiuefu;
Fkpoq;Fsp ,y;yj;jpy; capu; gpupe;J ,iwtd; mb Nru;e;jhu;. rptgjk; milAk; NghJ md;dhUf;F
taJ 55. mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fspd; ,yl;rpakhd irthrpupa gapw;rpf;fyhrhiyia jpU.R.,
uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; 1928k; Mz;L aho;g;ghzk; jpUney;Ntypapy; Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,jpy; Kjy;
khztdhf mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fspd; ,isa kfd; rptghjk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tNu 1930k;
Mz;L Kjw; gapw;rp ngw;w irthrpupadhf ntspNawpdhu;. ,e;j irthrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy;; ,
Ue;J Mz;L NjhWk; gyu; gapw;rp ngw;w irthrpupau;fshf ntspNawpdu;. ,t;thrpupa gapw;rpf;
fyhrhiyapy; fhyQ;nrd;w gz;bjkzp jpU.rp.fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fs; Nguhrpupauhff; flikahw;
wpdhu;. 1950k; Mz;lstpy; gz;bjkzp rp.fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fs; fhiuefu; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up rak;G rQ;
rpifapy; “mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd; mUzhryk; jhd;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; rpwg;Gf; fl;Liu vOjpapUe;jhu;. mtu;
fs; vd;gJ MWKfehtyiuNa Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mkuu; r.mUzhry cghj;jpahau; mtu;fspd; ,yl;rpaq;fs; %d;W. mitahtd irtg;ghlrhiyfis
Muk;gpj;jy;> gapw;rp ngw;w irthrpupau;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> irtg; gpurhuq;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;J rkaj;
ijg; gug;Gjy;. md;dhu; ,d;Dk; rpy fhyk; capu; tho;e;jpUg;ghuhfpy; kprdupkhu; vg;gb rka Nghjfu;
fis gapw;Wtpj;J fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; rkaj;ij gug;Gfpd;whu;fNsh mNj Nghy; irtrkaj;ijAk;  kf;
fs; gpd;gw;w rpwg;Gld; Nritahw;wpapUg;ghu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

Kw;Wk;.
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